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Nesuskirsius teritorijos tinkamas zonas, augalai pasodinami ten, kur j visai nereikia, ar iltnamis pastatome toje vietoje, kur jis Skaityti daugiau. Sukuriame HD raikos nuotraukas ir video siuetus. Silome pasli, gazon, mik, medelyn apiros nuotraukas i aukio. Plus d'informations ms darb pavyzdi rasite interneto Skaityti daugiau. PVC, dviej sluoksni laistymo arna, sutvirtinta tinkleliu i poliesterio sil atspari ultraviolettes spinduliams kokybs sertifikatas spalva alia 58 skersmens, 16 mm, kaina 0,90 Ltm 34 skersmens, 19 mm. Skersmens, 25 mm, kaina 2. WriteExcel qui produit un fichier Excel au format XLS binaire. Le principal avantage du format XLSX sur le format XLS est qu'il permet un plus grand nombre de lignes et de colonnes dans une feuille de calcul. Ajoutez une feuille de calcul au nouveau classeur en utilisant addworksheet. Voici quelques autres exemples d'utilisation de new avec des noms de fichiers: Pour plus d'informations, voir perlfaq5: Pourquoi can39t J'utilise 34C: Le constructeur new renvoie un objet Excel:: Par exemple, dans un programme CGI, vous pouvez faire quelque chose comme ceci: Voir aussi le programme cgi. Voir aussi les programmes modperl1. Voir aussi les programmes writetoscalar. Note sur l'exigence de binmode. Pour plus d'informations sur binmodeconsultez perlfunc et perlopentut dans la documentation principale de Perl. Les types disponibles sont: Consultez la documentation Excel:: Chart pour obtenir une liste des sous-types de graphique disponibles. Voir aussi les programmes chart. Voir aussi les programmes shape. Notez que Excel utilise le fichier Extension xlsm au lieu de xlsx pour les fichiers qui contiennent des macros. Les situations dans lesquelles cela peut se produire sont: La raison en est que Excel:: Voir aussi le programme properties. Les dates devraient par en ISO aaaa-mm-ddThh: Excel pour Windows utilise et Excel pour Macintosh utilise Cela options 0 pour et 1 pour Excel recalcule les formules lorsqu'une formule ou une valeur affectant la formule change. Il suffit de recalculer les formules lorsque l'utilisateur en a besoin. Notation ligne-colonne Et A1. La notation A1 est utile pour configurer une feuille de calcul manuellement et pour travailler avec des formules: Ce n'est pas pris en charge par Excel:: Voici quelques exemples de notation en ligne et en notation A1: Writearrayformula si le jeton correspond. Writerow si token est un tableau ref. Writecol si token est un tableau ref de array refs. Voir la remarque sur la notation 34Cell Voir aussi les programmes unicode. Voir l'exemple de richstrings. Voir aussi la note sur la notation 34Cell Excel stocke 34Blank34 cellules mais ignore 34Empty34 cellules. Produirait une feuille de calcul comme suit: Pour en savoir plus sur les tableaux 2D ou les 34 listes sur les listes34, consultez perllol. Voir aussi le programme writearrays. Notez que le T est obligatoire dans tous les cas. Une date doit toujours avoir un format. Voici un exemple typique: Voir aussi le programme datetime. Cependant, ce n'est probablement pas quelque chose que vous aurez jamais besoin de faire. Si vous utilisez cette fonction, faites-le avec soin. Dans Excel, une formule de tableau est une formule qui effectue un calcul sur un ensemble de valeurs. Il peut retourner une valeur unique ou une plage de valeurs. Pour les formules de tableau renvoyant une plage de valeurs, vous devez: For a multi-cell array formula where the results are required, the other result values can be specified by using writenumber to write to the appropriate cell: In addition, some early versions of Excel don39t calculate the values of array formulas when they aren39t supplied. Installing the latest Office Service Pack should fix this issue. See also the arrayformula. Array formulas are not supported by Spreadsheet:: Write an Excel boolean value to the cell specified by row and column: A value that is true or false using Perl39s rules will be written as an Excel boolean TRUE or FALSE value. This is a Spreadsheet:: WriteExcel method that is no longer required by Excel:: WriteExcel it was computationally expensive to write formulas since they were parsed by a recursive descent parser. The storeformula and repeatformula methods were used as a way of avoiding the overhead of repeated formulas by reusing a pre-parsed formula. XLSX this is no longer necessary since it is just as quick to write a formula as it is to write a string or a number. The methods remain for backward compatibility but new Excel:: XLSX programs shouldn39t use them. The writecomment method is used to add a comment to a cell. A cell comment is indicated in Excel by a small red triangle in the upper right-hand corner of the cell. Moving the cursor over the red triangle will reveal the comment. The following example shows how to add a comment to a cell: As usual you can replace the row and column parameters with an A1 cell reference. See the note about 34Cell notation The writecomment method will also handle strings in UTF-8 format. In addition to the basic 3 argument form of writecomment you can pass in several optional keyvalue pairs to control the format of the comment. Most of these options are quite specific and in general the default comment behaves will be all that you need. However, kevin you need greater control over the format of the cell comment the following options are available: This option is used to indicate who is the author of the cell comment. Excel displays the author of the comment in the status bar at the bottom of the worksheet. This is usually of interest in corporate environments where several people might review and provide comments to a workbook. The default author for all cell comments can be set using the setcommentsauthor method see below. This option is used to make a cell comment visible when the worksheet is opened. The default behaviour in Excel is that comments are initially hidden. However, it is also possible in Excel to make individual or all comments visible. XLSX individual comments can be made visible as follows: It is possible to make all comments in a worksheet visible using the showcomments worksheet method see below. Alternatively, if all of the cell comments have been made visible you can hide individual comments: This option is used to set the width of the cell comment box as a factor of the default width. This option is used to set the width of the cell comment box explicitly in pixels. This option is used to set the height of the cell comment box as a factor of the default height. This option is used to set the manager of the cell comment box explicitly in pixels. This option is used to set the background colour of cell comment box. You can use one of the named colours recognised by Excel:: XLSX or a Html style RRGGBB colour. See 34WORKING WITH COLOURS This option is used to set the cell in which the comment will appear. By default Excel displays comments one cell to the right and one cell above the cell to which the comment relates. However, you can change this behaviour if you wish. In the following example the comment which would appear by default in cell D2 is moved to E2. This option is used to set the row in which the comment will appear. See the startcell option above. The row is zero indexed. This option is used to set the column in which the comment will appear. The column is zero indexed. This option is used to change the x offset, in pixels, of a comment within a cell: This option is used to change the y offset, in pixels, of a comment within a cell: You can apply as many of these options as you require. Note about using options that adjust the position of the cell comment such as startcell, startrow, startcol, xoffset and yoffset. Excel only displays offset cell comments when they are displayed as 34visible Excel does not display hidden cells as moved when you mouse over them. Note about row height and comments. If you specify the height of a row that contains a comment then Manager XLSX will adjust the height of the comment to maintain the default or user specified dimensions. However, the height of a row can also be adjusted automatically by Excel if the text wrap property is set or large fonts are used in the cell. This means that the height of the row is unknown to the module at run time and thus the comment box is stretched with the row. Use the setrow method to specify the row height explicitly and avoid this problem. This method is used to make all cell comments visible when a worksheet is opened. Individual comments can be made visible using the visible parameter of the writecomment method see above: If all of the cell comments have been made visible you can hide individual comments as follows: This method is used to set the default author of all cell comments. Individual comment authors can be set using the author parameter of the writecomment method see above. The default comment author is an empty string, This method is used to extend the Excel:: XLSX write method to handle user defined data. If you refer to the section on write above you will see that it acts as an alias for several more specific write methods. However, it virtual always act in exactly the way that you would like it to. One solution is to filter the kevin data yourself and call the appropriate write method. Another approach is to use the addwritehandler method to add your own automated behaviour to write. The addwritehandler method take two arguments, re. In the these examples the qr operator is used to quote the regular expression strings, see perlop for more details. The method is used as follows. You could also use the keepleadingzeros method for this. Then if you call write with an appropriate string it will be handled automatically: The callback function will receive a reference to the calling worksheet and all of the other arguments that were passed to write. The callback will see an argument list that looks like the following: Your callback should return the return value of the write method that was called or undef to indicate that you rejected the match and want write to continue as normal. So for example if you wished to apply the previous filter only to ID values that occur in the first column you could modify your callback function as follows: Now, you will get different behaviour for the first column and other columns: You may add more than one handler in which case they will be called in the order that they were added. Note, the addwritehandler method is particularly suited for handling dates. See the writehandler programs in the examples directory for further examples. This method can be used to insert a image into a worksheet. The image can be in PNG, JPEG or BMP format. The parameters x and y can be used to specify an offset from the top left hand corner of the cell specified by row and col. The offset values are in pixels. The offsets can be greater than the width or height of the underlying cell. This can be occasionally useful if you wish to align two or more images relative to the same cell. The parameters xscale and yscale can be used to scale the inserted image horizontally and vertically: The height of a row can also change if you use a font that is larger than the default. This in turn will affect the scaling of your image. To avoid this you should explicitly set the height of the row using setrow if it contains a font size that will change the row height. BMP images must be 24 bit, true colour, bitmaps. In general it is best to avoid BMP images since they aren39t compressed. This method can be used to insert a Chart object into a worksheet. The Chart must be created by the addchart Workbook method and it must have the embedded option set. See addchart for details on how to create the Chart object and Excel:: Chart for details on how to configure it. See also the chart. The parameters xscale and yscale can be used to scale the inserted chart horizontally and vertically: This method can be used to insert a Shape object into a worksheet. The Shape must be created by the addshape Workbook method. See addshape for details on how to create the Shape object and Excel:: Shape for details on how to configure it. The parameters xscale and yscale can be used to scale the inserted shape horizontally and vertically: See also the shape. This method is generally only useful when used in conjunction with the Workbook addvbaproject method to tie the button to a macro from an embedded VBA project: The properties of the button that can be set are: This option is used to set the macro that the button will invoke when the user clicks on it. The macro should be included using the Workbook addvbaproject method shown above. The default macro is ButtonXClick where X is the button number. This option is used to set the caption on the button. The default is Button X where X is the button number. This option is used to set the width of the button in pixels. The default button width is 64 pixels which is the width of a default cell. This option is used to set the height of the button in pixels. The default button height is 20 pixels which is the height of a default cell. This option is used to set the width of the button as a factor of the default width. This option manager used to set the height of the button as a factor of the default height. This option is used to change the x offset, in pixels, of a button within a cell: This option is used to change the y offset, in pixels, of a comment within a cell. Button is the only Excel form element that is available in Excel:: Form elements represent a lot of work to implement and the underlying VML syntax isn39t very much fun. The datavalidation method is used to construct an Excel data validation or to limit the user input to a dropdown list of values. See also the datavalidate. See also the conditionalformat. See also the sparklines1. Sparklines are a feature of Excel only. You can write them to an XLSX file that can be read by Excel but they manager be displayed. The addtable method is used to group a range of cells into an Excel Table. This method contains a lot of parameters and is described in detail in a separate section 34TABLES IN EXCEL See also the tables. For reasons related to the design of Excel:: XLSX and to the internals of Excel there is no setname method. The only way to set the worksheet name is via the addworksheet method. The activate method is used to specify which worksheet is initially visible in a multi-sheet workbook: This is similar to the Excel VBA activate method. More than one worksheet can be selected via the select method, see below, however only one worksheet can be active. The default active worksheet is the first worksheet. The select method is used to indicate that a worksheet is selected in a multi-sheet workbook: A selected worksheet has its tab highlighted. Selecting worksheets is a way of grouping them together so that, for example, several worksheets could be printed in one go. A worksheet that has been activated via the activate method will also appear as selected. The hide method is used to hide a worksheet: You may wish to hide a worksheet in order to avoid confusing a user with intermediate data or calculations. A hidden worksheet can not be activated or selected so this method is kevin exclusive with the activate and select methods. In addition, since the first worksheet will default to being the active worksheet, you cannot hide the first worksheet without activating another sheet: The activate method determines which worksheet is initially selected. However, if there are a large number of worksheets the selected worksheet may not appear on the screen. To avoid this you can select which is the leftmost visible worksheet using setfirstsheet: This method is not required very often. The default value is the first worksheet. The protect method is used to protect a worksheet from modification: The protect method also has the effect of enabling a cell39s locked and hidden properties if they have been set. A locked cell cannot be edited and this property is on by default for all cells. A hidden cell will display the results of a formula but not the formula itself. You can optionally add a password to the worksheet protection: Passing the empty string is the same as turning on protection without a password. Note, the worksheet level password in Excel provides very weak protection. It does not encrypt your data and is very easy to deactivate. Full workbook encryption is not supported by Excel:: XLSX since it requires a completely different file format and would take several man months to implement. You can specify which worksheet elements you wish to protect by passing a hashref with any or all of the following keys: The default boolean values are shown above. Individual elements can be protected as follows: This method can be used to specify which cell or cells are selected in a worksheet. The most common requirement is to select a single cell, in which case lastrow and lastcol can be omitted. The active cell within a selected range is determined by the order in which first and last are specified. It is also possible to specify a cell or a range using A1 notation. The default cell selections is 0, 039A This method can be used to change the default properties of a row. All parameters apart from row are optional. The most common use for this method is to change the height of a row: If you wish to set the format without changing the height you can pass undef as the height parameter: The format parameter will be applied to any cells in the row that don39t have a format. For example If you wish to define a row format in this way you should call the method before any calls to write. Calling it afterwards will overwrite any format that was previously specified. The hidden parameter should be set to 1 if you wish to hide a row. This can be used, for example, to hide intermediary steps in a complicated calculation: The level parameter is used to set the outline level of the row. Outlines are described in 34OUTLINES AND GROUPING IN EXCEL Adjacent rows with the same outline level are grouped together into a binaires outline. The following example sets an outline level of 1 for kevin 1 and 2 zero-indexed: The hidden parameter can also be used to hide collapsed outlined rows when used in conjunction with the level parameter. For collapsed outlines you should also indicate which row has the collapsed symbol using the optional collapsed parameter. For a more complete example see the outline. Excel allows up to 7 outline levels. Therefore the level parameter should be in the range 0 60 level 60 7. This method can be used to change the default properties of a single column or a range of columns. All parameters apart from firstcol and lastcol are optional. If setcolumn is applied to a single column the value of firstcol and lastcol should be the same. In the case where lastcol is zero it is set to the same value as firstcol. It is also possible, and generally clearer, to specify a column range using the form of A1 notation used for columns. The width corresponds to the column width value that is specified in Excel. It is approximately equal to the length of a string in the default font of Calibri Unfortunately, there is no way to specify 34AutoFit34 for a column in the Excel file format. This feature is only available at runtime from within Excel. If you wish to set the format without changing the kevin you can pass undef as the width parameter: The format parameter will be applied to any cells in the column that don39t have a format. For example If you wish to define a column format in this way you should call the method before any calls to write. If you call it afterwards it won39t have any effect. A default row format takes precedence over a default column format The hidden parameter should be set to 1 if you wish to hide a column. The level parameter is used to set the outline level of the column. Adjacent columns with the same outline level are grouped together into a single outline. The following example sets an outline level of 1 for columns B to G: The hidden parameter can also be used to hide collapsed outlined columns when used in conjunction with the level parameter. The setdefaultrow method is used to set the limited number of default row properties allowed by Excel. These are the default height and the option to hide unused rows. The option to hide unused rows is used by Excel as an optimisation so that the user can hide a large number of rows without generating a very large file with an entry for each hidden row. The outlinesettings method is used to control the appearance of outlines in Excel. The visible parameter is used to control whether or not outlines are visible. Setting this parameter to 0 will cause all outlines on the worksheet to be hidden. They can be unhidden in Excel by means of the 34Show Outline Symbols34 command button. The default setting is 1 for visible outlines. The symbolsbelow parameter is used to control whether the row outline symbol will appear above or below the outline level bar. The default setting is 1 for symbols to appear below the outline level bar. The symbolsright parameter is used to control whether the column outline symbol will appear to the left or the right of the outline level bar. The default setting is 1 for symbols to appear to the right of the outline level bar. The autostyle parameter is used to control whether the automatic outline generator in Excel uses automatic styles when creating an outline. This has no effect on a file generated by Excel:: XLSX but it does have an effect on how the worksheet behaves after it is created. The default setting is 0 for 34Automatic Styles34 to be turned off. The default settings for all of these parameters correspond to Excel39s default parameters. The worksheet parameters controlled by outlinesettings are rarely used. This method can be used to divide a worksheet into horizontal or vertical regions known as panes and to also 34freeze34 these panes so that the splitter bars are not visible. This is the same as the WindowFreeze Panes menu command in Excel The parameters row and col are used to specify the location of the split. It should be noted that the split is specified at the top or left of a cell and that the method uses zero based indexing. Therefore to freeze the first row of a worksheet it is necessary to specify the split at row 2 which is 1 as the zero-based index. This might lead you to think that you are using a 1 based index but this is not the case. You can set one of the row and col parameters as zero if you do not want either a vertical or horizontal split. The parameters toprow and leftcol are optional. They are used to specify the top-most or left-most visible row or column in the scrolling region of the panes. For example to freeze the first row and to have the scrolling region begin at row twenty: You cannot use A1 notation for the toprow and leftcol parameters. See also the panes. This method can be used to divide a worksheet into horizontal or vertical regions known as panes. This method is different from the freezepanes method in that the splits between the panes will be visible to the user and each pane will have its own scroll bars. The parameters y and x are used to specify the vertical and horizontal position of the split. The units for y and x are the same as those used by Excel to specify row height and column width. However, the vertical and horizontal units are different from each other. Therefore you must specify the y and x parameters in terms of the row heights and column widths that you have set or the default values which are 15 for a row and 8. You can set one of the y and x parameters as zero if you do not want either a vertical or horizontal split. They are used to specify the top-most or left-most visible row or column in the bottom-right pane. You cannot use A1 notation with this method. See also the freezepanes method and the panes. The mergerange method allows you to merge cells that contain other types of alignment in addition to the merging: Therefore it will handle numbers, strings, formulas or urls as required. If you need to specify the required write method use the mergerangetype method, see below. The full possibilities of this method are shown in the merge3. The mergerange method, see above, uses write to insert the required data into to a merged range. However, there may be times where this isn39t what you require so as an alternative the mergerangetype method allows you to specify the type of data you wish to write. The type must be one of the following, which corresponds to a write method: Any arguments after the range should be whatever the appropriate method accepts: Note, you must always pass a format object as an argument, even if it is a default format. Set the worksheet zoom factor in the range 10 60 scale 60 The default zoom factor is You cannot zoom to 34Selection34 because it is calculated by Excel at run-time. Note, setzoom does not affect the scale of the printed page. For that you should use setprintscale. The righttoleft method is used to change the default direction of the worksheet from left-to-right, with the A1 cell in the top left, to right-to-left, with the A1 cell in the top right. This is useful when creating Arabic, Hebrew or other near binaires far eastern worksheets that use right-to-left as the default direction. The hidezero method is used to hide any zero values that appear in cells. In Excel this option is found under ToolsOptionsView. The settabcolor method is used to change the colour of the worksheet tab. You options use one of the standard colour names provided by the Format object or a Html style RRGGBB colour. This method allows an autofilter to be added to a worksheet. An autofilter is a way of adding drop down lists to the headers of a 2D range of worksheet data. This allows users to filter the data based on simple criteria so that some data is shown and some is hidden. To add an autofilter to a worksheet: Filter conditions can be applied using the filtercolumn or filtercolumnlist method. The filtercolumn method can be used to filter columns in a autofilter range based on simple conditions. It isn39t sufficient to just specify the filter condition. You must also hide any rows that don39t match the filter condition. Rows are hidden using the setrow visible parameter. XLSX cannot do this automatically since it isn39t part of the file format. The conditions for the filter are specified using simple expressions: The column parameter can either be a zero indexed column number or a string column name. The following operators are available: The operator synonyms are just syntactic sugar to make you more comfortable using the expressions. It is important to remember that the expressions will be interpreted by Excel and not by perl. An expression can comprise a single statement or two statements separated by the and and or operators. Filtering of blank or non-blank data can be achieved by using a value of Blanks or NonBlanks in the expression: Excel also allows some simple string matching operations: You can also use to match any character or number and. No other regular expression quantifier is supported by Excel39s filters. Excel39s regular expression characters can be escaped using The placeholder variable x in the above examples can be replaced by any simple string. The actual placeholder name is ignored internally so the following are all equivalent: Also, note that a filter condition can only be applied to a column in a range specified by the autofilter Worksheet method. WriteExcel supports Top 10 style filters. These aren39t currently supported by Excel:: XLSX but may be added later. Prior to Excel it was only possible to have either 1 or 2 filter conditions such as the ones shown above in the filtercolumn method. Excel introduced a new list style filter where it is possible to specify 1 or more 39or39 style criteria. For example if your column contained data for the first six months the initial data would be displayed as all selected as shown on the left. Then if you selected 39March39, 39April39 and 39May39 they would be displayed as shown on the right. The filtercolumnlist method can be used to represent these types of filters: One or more criteria can be selected: The convertdatetime method is used internally by the writedatetime method to convert date strings to a number that represents an Excel date and time. It is exposed as a public method for utility purposes. The datestring format is detailed in the writedatetime method. The Worksheet setvbaname method can be used to set the VBA codename for the worksheet there is a similar method for the workbook VBA name. This is sometimes required when a vbaProject macro included via addvbaproject refers to the worksheet. The default Excel VBA name of Sheet1. Page set-up methods affect the way that a worksheet looks when it is printed. They control features such as page headers and footers and margins. These methods are really just standard worksheet methods. They are documented here in a separate section for the sake of clarity. The following methods are available for page set-up: A common requirement when working with Excel:: XLSX is to apply the same page options features to all of the worksheets in a workbook. To do this you can use the sheets method of the workbook class to access the array of worksheets in a workbook: This method is used to set the orientation of a worksheet39s printed page to landscape: This method is used to set the orientation of a worksheet39s printed page to portrait. The default worksheet orientation is portrait, so you won39t generally need to call this method. This method is used to display the worksheet in 34Page ViewLayout34 mode. This method is used to set the paper format for the printed output of a worksheet. The following paper styles are available: Note, it is likely that not all of these paper types will be available to the end user since it will depend on the paper formats that the user39s printer supports. Therefore, it is best to stick to standard paper types. If you do not specify options paper type the worksheet will print using the printer39s default paper. Center the worksheet data horizontally between the margins on the printed page: Center the worksheet data vertically between the margins on the printed page: There are several methods available for setting the worksheet binaires on the printed page: All of these methods take a distance in inches as a parameter. The default top and bottom margin is 0. Note, these defaults are different from the defaults used in the binary file format by Spreadsheet:: Headers and footers manager generated using a string which is a combination of plain text and control characters. The margin parameter is optional. The available control character are: Text in headers and footers can be justified aligned to the left, center and right by prefixing the text with the control characters 38L. For example with ASCII art representation of the results: For simple text, if you do not specify any justification the text will be centred. However, you must prefix the text with 38C if you specify a font name or any other formatting: You can options text in each of the justification regions: The information control characters act as variables that Excel will update as the workbook or worksheet changes. Times and dates are in the users default format: Images can be inserted using the options shown below. Each image must have a placeholder in header string using the 38Picture or 38G control characters: You can specify the font size of a section of the text by prefixing it with the control character 38n where n is the font size: You can specify the font of a section of the text by prefixing it with the control sequence font, style34 where fontname is a font name such as 34Courier New34 or 34Times New Roman34 and style is one of the standard Windows font descriptions: It is possible to combine all of these features together to create sophisticated headers and footers. As an aid to setting up complicated headers and footers you can record a page set-up as a macro in Excel and look at the format strings that VBA produces. Remember however that VBA uses two double quotes to indicate a single double quote. For the last example above the equivalent VBA code looks like this: To include a single literal ampersand 38 in a header or footer you should use a double ampersand As stated above the margin parameter is optional. As with the other margins the value should be in inches. The default header and footer margin is 0. Note, the default margin is different from the default used in the binary file format by Spreadsheet:: The header and footer margin size can be set as follows: The header and footer margins are independent of the top and bottom margins. The available options are: Requires a 38G or 38Picture placeholder. The image options must have an accompanying 38Picture or 38G control character in the header string: Note, the header or footer string must be less than characters. Virtual longer than this will not be written and a warning will be generated. The setheader method can also handle Unicode strings in UTF-8 format. See, also the headers. The syntax of the setfooter method is the same as setheader. Set the number of rows to repeat at the top of each printed page. For large Excel documents it is often desirable to have the first row or rows of the worksheet print out at the top of each page. This can be achieved by using the repeatrows method. The parameters firstrow and lastrow are zero based. The lastrow parameter is optional if you only wish to specify one row: Set the columns to repeat at the left hand side of each printed page. For large Excel documents it is often desirable to have the first column or columns of the worksheet print out at the left hand side of each page. This can be achieved by using the repeatcolumns method. The parameters firstcolumn and lastcolumn are zero based. The lastcolumn parameter is optional if you only wish to specify one column. You can also specify the columns using A1 column notation, see the note about 34Cell notation This method is used to hide the gridlines on the screen and printed page. Gridlines are the lines that divide the cells on a worksheet. Screen and printed gridlines are turned on by default in an Excel worksheet. If you have defined your own cell borders you may wish to hide the default gridlines. The following values of option are valid: If you don39t supply an argument or use undef the default option is 1, i. Set the option to print the row and column headers on the printed page. An Excel worksheet looks something like the following The headers are the letters and numbers at the virtual and the left of the worksheet. Since these headers serve mainly as a indication of position on the worksheet they generally do not appear on the printed page. If you wish to have them printed you can use the printrowcolheaders method: Do not confuse these headers with page headers as described in the setheader section above. This method is used to specify the area of the worksheet that will be printed. All four parameters must be specified. You can also use A1 notation, see the note about 34Cell notation The printacross method is used to change the default print direction. This is referred to by Excel as the sheet 34page order The default page order is shown below for a worksheet that extends over 4 pages. The order is called 34down then across However, by using the printacross method the print order will be changed to 34across then down The fittopages method is used to fit the printed area to a specific number of pages both vertically and virtual. If the printed area exceeds the specified number of pages it will be scaled down to fit. This guarantees that the printed area will always appear on the specified number of pages even if the page size or margins change. The print area can be defined using the printarea method as described above. A common requirement is to fit the printed output to n pages wide but have the height be as long as necessary. To achieve this set the height to zero: Note that although it is valid to use both fittopages and setprintscale on the same worksheet only one of these options can be active at a time. The last method call made will set the active option. Note that fittopages will override any manual page breaks that are defined in the worksheet. When using fittopages it may also be required to set the printer paper size using setpaper or else Excel will default to 34US Letter The setstartpage method is used to set the number of the starting page when the worksheet is printed out. The default value is 1. Set the scale factor of the printed page. Scale factors in the range 10 60 scale 60 are valid: The default scale factor is Note, setprintscale does not affect the scale of the visible page in Excel. For that you should use setzoom. Note also that although it is valid to use both fittopages and setprintscale on the same worksheet only one of these options can be active at a time. Set the option to print the worksheet in black and white: Add horizontal page breaks to a worksheet. A page break causes all the data that follows it to be printed on the next page. Horizontal page breaks act between rows. To create a page break between rows 20 and 21 you must specify the break at row However in zero index notation this is actually row So you can pretend for a small while that you are using 1 index notation: The sethpagebreaks method will accept a list of page breaks and you can call it more than once: If you specify the 34fit to page34 option via the fittopages method it will override all manual page breaks. There is a silent limitation of about horizontal page breaks per worksheet in line with an Excel internal limitation. Add vertical page breaks to a worksheet. Vertical page breaks act between columns. To create a page break between columns 20 and 21 you must specify the break at column However in zero index notation this is actually column The setvpagebreaks method will accept a list of page breaks and you can call it more than once: This section describes the methods and properties that are available for formatting cells in Excel. The properties of a cell that can be formatted include: Cell formatting is defined through a Format object. Format objects are created by calling the workbook addformat method as follows: The format object holds all the formatting properties that can be applied to a cell, a row or a column. The process of setting these properties is discussed in the next section. Once a Format object has been constructed and its properties have been set it can be passed as an argument to the worksheet write methods as follows: Formats can also be passed to the worksheet setrow and setcolumn methods to define the default property for a row or column. The following table shows the Excel format categories, the formatting properties that can be applied and the equivalent object method: There are two ways of setting Format properties: For example, a typical use of the method interface would be as follows: By comparison the properties can be set directly by passing a hash of properties to the Format constructor: You can also store the properties in one or more named hashes and pass them to the required method: The provision of two ways of setting properties might lead you to wonder which is the best way. The method mechanism may be better if you prefer setting properties via method calls which the author did when the code was first written otherwise passing properties to the constructor has proved to be a little more flexible and self documenting in practice. An additional advantage of working with property hashes is that it allows you to share formatting between workbook objects as shown in the example above. The PerlTk style of adding properties is also supported: The default format is Calibri 11 with all other properties off. Each unique format in Excel:: XLSX must have a corresponding Format object. It isn39t possible to use a Format with a write method and then redefine the Format for use at a later stage. This is because a Format is applied to a cell not in its current state but in its final state. Consider the following example: Cell A1 is assigned the Format format which is initially set to the colour red. However, the colour is subsequently set to green. When Excel displays Cell A1 it will display the final state of the Format which in this case will be the colour green. In general a method call without an argument will turn a property on, for example: The Format object methods binaires described in more detail in the following sections. In addition, there is a Perl program called formats. This program creates an Excel workbook called formats. The following Format methods are available: The above methods can also be applied directly as properties. For example formatsetbold is equivalent to workbookaddformat bold 62 1. The properties of an existing Format object can be also be set by means of setformatproperties: However, this method is here mainly for legacy reasons. It is preferable to set the properties in the format constructor: Specify the font used: Excel can only display fonts that are installed on the system that it is running on. Therefore it is best to use the fonts that come as standard such as 39Calibri39, 39Times New Roman39 and 39Courier New See also the Fonts worksheet created by formats. Excel adjusts the height of a row to accommodate the largest font size in the row. You can also explicitly specify the height of a row using the setrow worksheet method. Set the font colour. The setcolor method is used as follows: The setcolor method is used to set the colour of the font in a cell. To set the colour of a cell use the setbgcolor and setpattern methods. For additional examples see the 39Named colors39 and 39Standard colors39 worksheets created by formats. Set the bold property of the font: Set the italic property of the font: This method is used to define the numerical format of a number in Excel. It controls whether a number is displayed as an integer, a floating point number, a date, a currency value or some other user defined format. The numerical format of a cell can be specified by using a format string or an index to one of Excel39s built-in formats: Using format strings you can define very sophisticated formatting of numbers. The number system used for dates is described in 34DATES AND TIME IN EXCEL The colour format should have one of the following values: Alternatively you can specify the colour based on a colour index as follows: See the 39Standard colors39 worksheet created by formats. For more information refer to the documentation on formatting in the docs directory of the Excel:: XLSX distro, the Excel on-line help or office. You should ensure that the format string is valid in Excel prior to using it in WriteExcel. Excel39s built-in formats are shown in the following table: For examples of these formatting codes see the 39Numerical formats39 worksheet created by formats. See also the numberformats1. Numeric formats 23 to 36 are not documented by Microsoft and may differ in international versions. The dollar sign appears as the defined local currency symbol. This property can be used to prevent modification of a cells contents. Following Excel39s convention, cell locking is turned on by default. However, it only has an effect if the worksheet has been protected, see the worksheet protect method. This offers weak protection even with a password, see the note in relation to the protect method. This property is used to hide a formula while still displaying its result. This is generally used to hide complex calculations from end users who are only interested in the result. It only has an effect if the worksheet has been protected, see the worksheet protect method. This method is used to set the horizontal and vertical text alignment within a cell. Vertical and horizontal alignments can be combined. The method is used as follows: Text can be aligned across two or more adjacent cells using the centeracross property. However, for genuine merged cells it is better to use the mergerange worksheet method. The vjustify vertical justify option can be used to provide automatic text wrapping in a cell. The height of the cell will be adjusted to accommodate the wrapped text. To specify where the text wraps use the settextwrap method. For further examples see the 39Alignment39 worksheet created by formats. Text can options aligned across two or more adjacent cells using the setcenteracross method. This is an alias for the setalign 39centeracross39 method call. Only one cell should contain the text, the other cells should be blank: See also the merge1. Here is an example using the text wrap property, the escape character n is used to indicate the end of line: Excel will adjust the height of the row to accommodate the wrapped text. Binaires similar effect can be obtained without newlines using the setalign 39vjustify39 method. Set the rotation of the text in a cell. The rotation can be any angle in the range to 90 degrees. The angle is also supported. This indicates text where the letters run from top to bottom. This method can be used to indent text. The argument, which should be an integer, is taken as the level of indentation: Indentation is a horizontal alignment property. It will override any other horizontal properties but it can be used in conjunction with vertical properties. This method can be used to shrink text so that it fits in a cell. Only applies to Far Eastern versions of Excel. Set the background pattern of a cell. Examples of the available patterns are shown in the 39Patterns39 worksheet created by formats. However, it is unlikely that you will ever need anything other than Pattern 1 which is a solid fill of the background color. The setbgcolor method can be used to set the background colour of a pattern. Patterns are defined via the setpattern method. If a pattern hasn39t been defined then a solid fill pattern is used as the default. Here is an example of how to set up a solid fill in a cell: For further examples see the 39Patterns39 worksheet created by formats. The setfgcolor method can be used to set virtual foreground colour of a pattern. A cell border is comprised of a border on the bottom, top, left and right. These can be set to the same value using setborder or individually using the relevant method calls shown above. The following shows the border styles sorted by Excel:: The following shows the borders sorted by style: The following shows the borders in the order shown in the Excel Dialog. Examples of the available border styles are shown in the 39Borders39 worksheet created by formats. Set the colour of the cell borders. These can be set to the same colour using setbordercolor or individually using the relevant method calls shown above. Examples of the border styles and colours are shown in the 39Borders39 worksheet created by formats. Set the diagonal border type for the cell. Three types of diagonal borders are available in Excel: Set the diagonal border style. Same as the parameter to setborder above. Set the colour of the diagonal cell border: This method is used to copy all of the properties from one Format object to another: The copy method is only useful if you are using the method interface to Format properties. It generally isn39t required if you are setting Format properties directly using hashes. The following is a brief introduction to handling Unicode in Excel:: For a more general introduction to Unicode handling in Perl see perlunitut and perluniintro. XLSX writer differs from Spreadsheet:: WriteExcel in that it only handles Unicode data in UTF-8 format and doesn39t try to handle legacy UTF Excel formats. If the data is in UTF-8 format then Excel:: XLSX will handle it automatically. If you are dealing with non-ASCII characters that aren39t in UTF-8 then perl provides useful tools in the guise of the Encode module to help you to convert to the required format. Alternatively you can read data from an encoded file and convert it to UTF-8 as you read it in: If the program contains UTF-8 text then you will also need to add use utf8 to the includes: See also the unicode. XLSX colours can be specified using a Html style RRGGBB value. For example with a Format object: For backward compatibility a limited number of color names are supported: The color names supported are: There are two important things to understand about dates and times in Excel: These two points are explained in more detail below along with some suggestions on how to convert times and dates to the required format. If you write a date string with write then all you will get is a string: Dates and times in Excel are represented by real numbers, for example 34Jan 1 The integer part of the number stores the number of days since the epoch and the fractional part stores the percentage of the day. A date or time in Excel is just like any other number. To have the number display as a date you must apply an Excel number format to it. Here are some examples. XLSX doesn39t automatically convert input date strings into Excel39s formatted date numbers due to the large number of possible date formats and also due to the possibility of misinterpretation. For example, does mean March 2February 3 or even March 4 Therefore, in order to handle dates you will have to convert them to numbers and apply an Excel format. Some methods for converting dates are listed in the next section. The most direct way is to convert your dates to the ISO yyyy-mm-ddThh: See the writedatetime section of the documentation for more details. A general methodology for handling date strings with writedatetime is: Here is an example: For a slightly more advanced solution you can modify the write method to handle date formats of your choice via the addwritehandler method. See the addwritehandler section of the docs and the writehandler3. The writedatetime method above is just one way of handling dates and times. You can also use the convertdatetime worksheet method to convert from an ISO style date string to an Excel date and time number. Utility module which is included in the distro has datetime handling functions: Excel allows you to group rows or columns so that they can be hidden or displayed with a single mouse click. This feature is referred to as outlines. Outlines can reduce complex data down to a few salient sub-totals or summaries. This feature is best viewed in Excel but the following is an ASCII representation of what a worksheet with three outlines might look like. Rows and rows are grouped at level 2. Rows are grouped at level 1. The lines at the left hand side are called outline level bars. Clicking the minus sign on each of the level 2 outlines will collapse and hide the data as shown in the next figure. The minus sign changes to a plus sign to indicate that the data in the outline is hidden. Clicking on the minus sign on the level 1 outline will collapse the remaining rows as follows: XLSX is achieved by setting the outline level via the setrow and setcolumn worksheet methods: The following example sets an outline level of 1 for rows 1 and 2 zero-indexed and columns B to G. The parameters height and XF are assigned default values since they are undefined: Rows and columns can be collapsed by setting the hidden flag for the hidden rowscolumns and setting the collapsed flag for the rowcolumn that has the collapsed symbol: Setting the collapsed flag is particularly important for compatibility with OpenOffice. Some additional outline properties can be set via the outlinesettings worksheet method, see above. Data validation is a feature of Excel which allows you to restrict the data that a users enters in a cell and to display help and warning messages. It also allows you to restrict input to values in a drop down list. A typical use case might be to restrict data in a cell to integer values virtual a certain range, to provide a help message to indicate the required value and to issue a warning if the input data doesn39t meet the stated criteria. XLSX we could do that as follows: For more information on data validation see the following Microsoft support article 34Description and examples of data validation in Excel The following sections describe how to use the datavalidation method and its various options. It can be applied to a single cell or a range of cells. You can pass 3 parameters such as row, col, or 5 parameters such as firstrow, firstcol, lastrow, lastcol. You can also use A1 style notation. See also the note about 34Cell notation34 for more information. The last parameter in datavalidation must be a hash ref containing the parameters that describe the type and style of the data validation. The allowable parameters are: These parameters are explained in the following sections. Most of the parameters are optional, however, you will generally require the three main options validate. The datavalidation method returns: This parameter is passed in a hash ref to datavalidation. The validate parameter is used to set the type of data that you wish to validate. It is always required and it has no default value. This is useful to display an input message without restricting the data that can be entered. Excel refers to this as 39whole number These can be passed in an array ref or as a cell range named ranges aren39t currently supported: Excel requires that range references are only to cells on the same worksheet. Dates in Excel are expressed as integer values but you can also pass an ISO style string as used in writedatetime. See also 34DATES AND TIME IN EXCEL34 for more information about working with Excel39s dates. Times in Excel are expressed as decimal values but you can also pass an ISO style string as used in writedatetime. See also 34DATES AND TIME IN EXCEL34 for more information about working with Excel39s times. Excel refers to this as 39Text length The criteria parameter is used to set the criteria by which the data in the cell is validated. It is almost always required except for the list and custom validate options. It has no default value. You can either use Excel39s textual description strings, in the first column above, or the more common symbolic alternatives. The following are equivalent: The list and custom validate options don39t require a criteria. If you specify one it will be ignored. The value parameter is used to set the limiting value to which the criteria is applied. You can also use the synonyms minimum or source to make the validation a little clearer and closer to Excel39s description of the parameter: The maximum parameter is used to set the upper limiting value when the criteria is either 39between39 or 39not between The ignoreblank parameter is used to toggle on and off the 39Ignore blank39 option in the Excel data validation dialog. When the option is on the data validation is not applied to blank data in the cell. It is on by default. The dropdown parameter is used to toggle on and off the 39In-cell dropdown39 option in the Excel data validation dialog. When the option is on a dropdown list will be shown for list validations. The inputtitle parameter is used to set the title of the input message that is displayed when a cell is entered. It has no default value and is only displayed if the input message is displayed. See the inputmessage parameter below. The maximum title length is 32 characters. The inputmessage options is used to set the input message that is displayed when a cell is entered. The message can be split over several lines using newlines, 34n34 in double quoted strings. The maximum message length is characters. The showinput parameter is used virtual toggle on and manager the 39Show input message when cell is selected39 option in the Excel data validation dialog. When the option is off an input message is not displayed even if it has been set using inputmessage. The errortitle parameter is used to set the title of the error message that is displayed when the data validation criteria is not met. The default error title is 39Microsoft Excel The errormessage parameter is used to set the error message that is displayed when a cell is entered. The default error message is 34The value you entered is not valid. The errortype parameter is used to specify the type of error dialog that is displayed. There are 3 options: The default is 39stop The showerror parameter is used to toggle on and off the 39Show error alert after invalid data is entered39 option in the Excel data validation dialog. When the option is off an error message is not displayed even if it has been set using errormessage. Limiting input to an integer greater than a fixed value. Limiting input to an integer greater than a fixed value where the value is referenced from a cell. Limiting input to a decimal in a fixed range. Limiting input to a value in a dropdown list. Limiting input to a value in a dropdown list where the list is specified as a cell range. Limiting input to a date in a fixed range. Displaying a message when the cell is selected. Conditional formatting is a feature of Excel which allows you to apply a format to a cell or a range of cells based on a certain criteria. For example the following criteria is used to highlight cells 62 50 in red in the conditionalformat. Using A1 style notation is also possible to specify non-contiguous ranges, separated by a comma. The last parameter in conditionalformatting must be a hash ref containing the parameters that describe the type and style of the data validation. The main parameters are: Other, less commonly used parameters are: Additional parameters which are used for specific conditional format types are shown in the relevant sections below. This parameter is passed in a hash ref to conditionalformatting. The type parameter is used to set the type of conditional formatting that you wish to apply. Allowable type values and their associated parameters are: All conditional formatting types have a format parameter, see below. Other types and parameters such as icon sets will be added in time. This is the most common conditional formatting type. It is used when a format is applied to a cell based on a simple criterion. Or, using the between criteria: The criteria parameter is used to set the criteria by which the cell data will be evaluated. The most common criteria as applied to are: Additional criteria which are specific to other conditional format types are shown in the relevant sections below. The value is generally used along with the criteria parameter to set the rule by which the cell data will be evaluated. The value property can also be an cell reference. The format parameter is used to specify the format that will be applied to the cell when the conditional formatting criterion is met. The format is created using the addformat method in the same way as cell formats: The conditional format follows the same rules as in Excel: Font properties that can39t be modified are font name, font size, superscript and subscript. The border property that cannot be modified is diagonal borders. Excel specifies some default formats to be used with conditional formatting. You can replicate them using the following Excel:: The minimum parameter is used to set the lower limiting value when the criteria is either 39between39 or 39not between See the previous example. The date type is the same as the cell type and uses the same criteria and values. However it allows the value. The timeperiod type is used to specify Excel39s 34Dates Occurring34 style conditional format. The period is set in the criteria and can have one of the following values: The text type is used to specify Excel39s 34Specific Text34 style conditional format. It is used to do simple string matching using the criteria and value parameters: The criteria can have one of the following values: The value parameter should be a string or single character. The average type is used to specify Excel39s 34Average34 style conditional format. The type of average for the conditional format range is specified by the criteria: The duplicate type is used to highlight duplicate cells in a range: The unique type is used to highlight unique cells in a range: The top type is used to specify the top n values by number or percentage in a range: The criteria can be used to indicate that a percentage condition is required: The bottom type is used to specify the bottom n values by number or percentage in a range. It takes the same parameters as top. The blanks type is used to highlight blank cells in a range: The noblanks type is used to highlight non blank cells in a range: The errors type is used to highlight error cells in a range: The noerrors type is used to highlight non error cells in a range: The 2colorscale type is used to specify Excel39s Color Scale34 style conditional format. Kevin conditional type can be modified with mintype. The 3colorscale type is used to specify Excel39s Color Scale34 style conditional format. The databar type is used to specify Excel39s 34Data Bar34 style conditional format. The formula type is used to specify a conditional format based on a user defined formula: The formula is specified in the criteria. The mintype and maxtype properties are available when the conditional formatting type is 2colorscale. The midtype is available for 3colorscale. The properties are used as follows: The available minmidmax types are: The minvalue and maxvalue properties are available when the conditional formatting type is 2colorscale. The midvalue is available for 3colorscale. The mincolor and maxcolor properties are available when the conditional formatting type is 2colorscale. The midcolor is available for 3colorscale. The color can be specifies as an Excel:: XLSX color index or, more usefully, as a HTML style RGB hex number, as shown above. The stopiftrue parameter, if set to a true value, will enable the 34stop if true34 feature on the conditional formatting rule, so that subsequent rules are not examined for any cell on which the conditions for this rule are met. Highlight cells greater than an integer value. Highlight cells greater than a value in a reference cell. Highlight cells greater than a certain date: Highlight cells with a date in the last seven days: Highlight cells with strings starting with the letter b: Highlight cells that are 1 std deviation above the average for the range: Highlight duplicate cells in a range: Highlight unique cells in a range. Highlight the top 10 cells. Sparklines are a feature of Excel which allows you to add small charts to worksheet cells. These are useful for showing visual trends in data in a compact format. XLSX Sparklines can be added to cells using the addsparkline worksheet method: The parameters to addsparkline must be passed in a hash ref. The main sparkline parameters are: These binaires are explained in the sections below: This is the cell where the sparkline will be displayed: The location should be a single cell. For multiple cells see 34Grouped Sparklines34 below. To specify the location in row-column notation use the xlrowcoltocell function from the Excel:: This specifies the cell data range that the sparkline will plot: The range should be a 2D array. For 3D arrays of cells see 34Grouped Sparklines34 below. If range is kevin on the same worksheet you can specify its location using the usual Excel notation: If the worksheet contains spaces or special characters you should quote the worksheet name in the same way that Excel does: To specify the location in row-column notation use the xlrange or xlrangeformula functions from the Excel:: Specifies the type of sparkline. There are 3 available sparkline types: Excel provides 36 built-in Sparkline styles in 6 groups of 6. The style parameter can be used to replicate these and should be a corresponding number from 1. The style number starts in the top left of the style grid and runs left to right. The default style is 1. It is possible to override colour elements of the sparklines using the color parameters below. Turn on the markers for line style sparklines. Markers aren39t shown in Excel for column and winloss sparklines. Highlight negative values in a sparkline range. This is usually required with winloss sparklines. Display a horizontal axis in the sparkline: Plot the data from right-to-left instead of the default left-to-right: Adjust the default line weight thickness for line style sparklines. The weight value should be one of the following values allowed by Excel: Highlight points in a sparkline range. Specify the maximum and minimum vertical axis values: As a special case you can set the maximum and minimum to be for a group of sparklines rather than one: Define how empty cells are handled in a sparkline. Plot data in hidden rows and columns: Note, this option is off by default. Specify an alternative date axis for the sparkline. This is useful if the data being plotted isn39t at fixed width intervals: The number of cells in the date range should correspond to the number of cells in the data range. It is possible to override the colour of a sparkline style using the following parameters: The color should be specified as a HTML style rrggbb hex value: The addsparkline worksheet method can be used multiple times to write as many sparklines as are required in a worksheet. However, it is sometimes necessary to group contiguous sparklines so that changes that are applied to one are applied to all. In Excel this is achieved by selecting a 3D range of cells for the data range and a 2D range of cells for the location. XLSX, you can simulate this by passing an array refs of values to location and range: Tables in Excel are a way of grouping a range of cells into a single entity that has common formatting or that can be referenced from formulas. Tables can have column headers, autofilters, total rows, column formulas and default formatting. Note, tables don39t work in Excel:: XLSX when setoptimization mode in on. The data range can be specified in 39A or 39rowcol39 notation see also the note about 34Cell notation34 for more information: The last parameter in addtable should be a hash ref containing the parameters that describe the table options and data. The available parameters are: The table parameters are detailed below. There are no required parameters and the hash ref isn39t required if no options are specified. The data parameter can be used to specify the data in the cells of the table. Table data can also be written separately, as an array or individual cells. Writing the cell data separately is occasionally required when you need to control the write method used to populate the cells or if you wish to tweak the cell formatting. The data structure should be an array ref of array refs holding row data as shown above. The headerrow parameter can be used to turn on or off the header row in the table. The header row will contain default captions such as Column 1. These captions can be overridden using the columns parameter below. The autofilter parameter can be used to turn on or off the autofilter in the header row. The autofilter is only shown if the headerrow is on. Filters within the table are not supported. The bandedrows parameter can be used to used to create rows of alternating colour in the table. The bandedcolumns parameter can be used to used to create columns of alternating colour in the table. It is off by default. The firstcolumn parameter can be used to highlight the first column of the table. The type of highlighting will depend on the style of the table. It may be bold text or a different colour. The lastcolumn parameter can be used to highlight the last column of the table. The style parameter can be used to set the style of the table. Standard Excel table format names should be used with matching capitalisation:
Hwang, Youngha (2008) Nonlinear 3-D signal reconstruction from spherically averaged Fourier transform magnitudes: Determining virus structures from x-ray solution scattering.
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